Computer implemented and computer controlled method, computer program product and platform for arranging data for processing and storage at a data storage engine

ABSTRACT

A computer implemented and computer controlled method of arranging, in memory, data subsets retrieved from a single or from different data sources, and structured in accordance with a logical data model, for the processing of these data subsets by an action-based logical data model. The action-based logical data model comprises actions, data categories, including a subject data category, an object data category, a spatial data category and a temporal data category, action topology combinations, instance information supplemented to an action topology combination, and constructors. A constructor comprises a plurality of properties in accordance with a constructor topology combination. A property operates on action topology combinations matched to data subsets elements of data subsets in accordance with the action-based logical data model, for presenting structured relations between data subset elements of data subsets.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/606,914 filed on May 26, 2017, which, in turn,claims priority to Dutch Patent Application No. 2016846 filed on May 27,2016, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to data processing and data storage, moreparticular, to computer implemented and computer controlled processingand storage of computer readable data in accordance with a datastructuring format.

BACKGROUND

In its most general form, a database refers to a set of data elementsand the data model by which these data elements are interrelated. Inconventional databases, the meaning or value of each data element isdetermined by its position in the data model. A data elementrepresenting the given name of a person in the database gets its propermeaning because it is stored under or allocated to a label such as‘Given_Name’ in a table called ‘People’, for example. It is for thisreason that in conventional database systems the first step in theimplementation and deployment of the database is to produce a conceptualdata model that reflects the complete structure of the information to beheld in the database.

In conventional databases, a data element can not be stored if there isnot provided a specific header or label to which the data element can beallocated. To state it differently, a data element can only be stored ifa particular space to store the data element is addressed beforehand.

In a dynamic application environment, with large and larger data sets tobe stored, creating such ‘complete’ data models is difficult, timeconsuming and requires frequent adaptations, as the number of itemsrepresenting a new and not foreseen meaning of a data element readilyexpand over time. With the introduction of mobile telephony, forexample, the need arose to expand the data model by the additionalstorage of a mobile telephone number next to a land line telephonenumber. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the difficulties thatone encounters with the expansion of the items to be stored in aconventional data model, such as but not limited to datainconsistencies, ambivalent models, data multiplication, and so on, allpotential harmful points of failure.

Having produced a conceptual data model, the next step is to translatethis model into a form that actually implements the relevant items inthe database. This process is often called the logical database design,and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of aschema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least)independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data modelwill be expressed in terms of a particular database technology.

At present, the most popular database model for general-purposedatabases is the relational model, using a table-based format. Theprocess of creating a logical database design using this model involvesa methodical approach known as normalization. The goal of normalizationis to ensure that each elementary ‘item’ is only recorded in one place,so that insertions, updates, and deletions automatically maintainconsistency.

Besides the relational model, and without aiming to be complete, otherknown types of database models are designated a hierarchical databasemodel, a network model, an object model, a document model, an arraymodel, and a semantic model, for example.

Data that resides in a fixed field within a record or file is alsocalled structured data. That is, data contained in relational databasesand spread sheets, for example. Information that can not be readilyclassified and does not fit into a particular box or a traditionalrow-column database, is called unstructured data. Examples ofunstructured data are photos, graphic images, presentations, emails, andword processing documents, for example. Unstructured data files ofteninclude text and multimedia content. Note that while these types offiles may have an internal structure, they are still considered‘unstructured’ because the data they contain does not fit neatly in arigid data model structure.

Semi-structured data is a mix of structured and unstructured data. It isa type of structured data, but lacks the strict data model structure.With semi-structured data, tags or other types of markers are used toidentify certain elements within the data, but the data does not followa rigid structure. For example, word processing software now can includemetadata showing the author's name and the date created, while the bulkof the document just being unstructured text.

While a particular database model may be optimal for storing one oranother type of data, in practice, the known database modellingtechniques all suffer to a greater or lesser extent the problemsinvolved with the expansion in the amount and new types of data that iscreated over time in a dynamically evolving organization.

When querying a relational database, for example, that is when making arequest to retrieve information stored in the database, no relationsbetween data elements can be revealed other than defined by the datamodel structure. Further, many database systems require to make requestsfor information in the form of a stylized query that must be written ina special query language. This is the most complex method because itforces users to learn a specialized language.

With the advent of digitization, more and more data is created andstored in different types of databases, and in different types of datamodels. Plural different technologies are used to store all kinds ofdifferent data.

A challenge, while processing digital data, is how to combine the datastored in the different databases and data models, and how to combineand correlate such data to provide new insights and new usefulcombinations from the data.

To overcome the numerous technical challenges while trying to combinedata from different data sources, a number of solutions are widely used.

A first set of solutions, focusing on structured data only, typicallybuilds a data warehouse. That is, relevant data from existing availabledata sources are retrieved and stored into a new data model, that allowsto process the data in a different manner than available from theexisting or original data model by which the data were stored in arespective database. Typically, the retrieved data are processed by anumber of operations before same have the appropriate format to bestored and used in a warehouse. This process is usually called ETL,Extract, Transform and Load.

Data warehouses are usually built to make data available for reporting,and most often they rely on a relational database to store the data,using specific techniques to design data models. The most commonly knownand used ones of these techniques are the so-called star-shape datamodel and the snowflake data model.

As a consequence of the manner in which data are transferred into a datawarehouse, i.e. the ETL process, and as a consequence of mostly applyingrelational databases to store the data, data warehouses possess a numberof important limitations.

Data warehouses only contain structured data and fact data. Unstructuredand semi-structured data have no place in a data warehouse. Thestar-shape or snowflake model is always built with a specific set ofreports in mind, and allows data retrieval for only those reports in afast and easy way. However, if new reports are required or new data needto be integrated in the data warehouse, usually programmatic changes tothe data model are required.

Also for the warehouse technology, data that are not know upfront cannot be stored in the model and only the links between the data that areencoded in the model by the designers will be made explicit, hence notall the links in the data itself will be made explicit.

These limitations, and others have led to the creation of a second kindof solutions to store data and to make it possible to reuse the storeddata for other purposes.

This second kind of solutions mainly aims at overcoming two severelimitations of data warehouses namely the storage and use ofsemi-structured and unstructured data, to store the data without needinga fully qualified and predefined structure and without knowing upfronthow the data will be used. These solutions are usually referred to asdata lakes.

Data lakes aim at storing mainly unstructured data in its existingformat. The principle used is store now, use later, which means a datalake is well suited to quickly store data of which one does not know thestructure or data that do not have an explicit structure. The mainadvantage of a data lake is that it is a safe haven for all data onewants to store before a specific use of the data is known.

When a specific use for the stored data becomes necessary, the typicalway of working is to create an ad-hoc model for the data in the lake, sothat the data can be approached by structured queries.

A disadvantage of the approach is that every use of the data requiresthe conception of a model, specific to the use case. Anotherdisadvantage is that for combining data stored in a data lake with datain a data warehouse, an overarching model that integrates the data fromthe two sources in a new structure needs to be created. This requires alot of modelling effort, data transformations and data duplications,which often has a negative influence on data quality, data volumes anddata consistency.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a versatilecomputer controlled method of and a data processing platform forarranging in memory structured, unstructured or semi-structured computerreadable data and for storage thereof, which method and platform cancope with the increase of data produced, both in terms of the amount andthe content thereof, and for arranging in memory data stored indifferent data sources and data models, providing a universallyapplicable data model mapping platform. It is another object of thepresent disclosure to provide a computer implemented and computercontrolled method of and a data processing platform for the retrieval ofdata stored in accordance with this versatile data storage method.

In a first aspect there is provided a computer implemented and computercontrolled method of arranging data for processing and storage thereofat a data storage engine, wherein a computer performing the steps of:

receiving data in a computer readable format, the data comprising asequence of data elements;

identifying data elements in the received data and allocating to each ofthe identified data elements a unique data element identifierrepresenting a respective data element;

assigning, to the received data, an action from a plurality of actionsrepresented by a respective unique action identifier and a unique actiontopology identifier specifying an association between data elements ofan action according to a respective topology comprised of an orderedplurality of data categories including a subject data category, anobject data category, a spatial data category and a temporal datacategory, the topology being represented by a unique topology identifierand each data category being represented by a respective data categoryidentifier;

matching the identified data elements with the assigned action topologycombination in accordance with the order of the action topology and thesequence of the data elements, such that one data element is matchedwith one data category of the topology;

supplementing instance information to matched action topologycombinations and allocating an action topology instance identifier tothe supplemented action topology combination, and

storing, in a computer readable format, at the data storage engine theidentified data elements, the instance information and associationsbetween identifiers resulting from the steps of identifying, assigning,matching and supplementing.

Rather than having to predefine a complete schema, consisting of tableswith rows and columns and links or documents with fields and values, thepresent disclosure operates in accordance with a data structuring formatessentially comprised of actions, topologies, action topologycombinations, data categories and instance information, hereinafterreferred to as action-based logical data model.

The action-based logical data model according to the present disclosureallows users to process data in the way they use same in their everydaylife, by operating on unique pieces of data, called data elements, thatare of interest to the user. The disclosure is based on the insight thatsuch data elements—be it structured, unstructured or semi-structureddata elements—each may be categorized in one or more data categories ofa limited number of data categories, at least comprising a subject datacategory, an object data category, a spatial data category and atemporal data category.

That is, the subject data category refers to data elements retrieved bya ‘who’-type query. Data elements that typically relate to a property,i.e. referring to a capacity or quality and the like, are to beallocated to the object data category. Data elements of the object datacategory are typically retrieved by a ‘what’-type query. The spatialdata category comprises data elements referring to a geographicalposition, a place, a space or the like and are retrieved by a‘where’-type query. Data elements generally referring to time are to becategorized in the temporal data category, and are the result of a‘when’-type query applied at the data to be stored.

Data elements are linked at the action level. An action specifies anassociation between data elements and may be defined as an intentional,purposive, conscious and subjectively meaningful activity. Generally anaction involves an intention and a goal. Registering clients of acompany, registering complaints, registering the constituents of aproduct, organizing/attending a meeting, filling a table, acting in aprofession, are just a few examples of actions.

Although data elements may exist in isolation, in a scenario of use,however, data elements are always combined or associated with other dataelements. It is such an association of data elements in an action thatconveys full semantics of each data element for a particular use, andsuch association is expressed by a topology. A topology is comprised ofan ordered plurality of data categories. That is a specific sequence andnumber of who's, what's, where's and when's. The number of datacategories involved is defined by the length of a topology. Eachtopology is unique in the order of appearance and the number of the datacategories of a respective topology.

For example, ‘throwing’ is an action that may involve a person, i.e. asubject, that performs the throwing, i.e. a ‘who’, an object that is tobe thrown, such as a ball for example, i.e. a ‘what’, a place where theball is thrown, such as at sports field, i.e. a ‘where’, possibly areceiver of the ball, i.e. again a subject expressed by the datacategory ‘who’, and perhaps the day that the ball is thrown, i.e. a‘when’. The topology template for this specific action is thenconstituted by the data categories I who, what, where, who, when I. Onewill appreciate that when the receiver of the ball is not of interest,the action involves a different topology, namely I who, what, where,when I.

A topology as such is not specific for an action. Different actions mayshare a same topology. However, same actions involving differenttopologies are distinguished from each other as specific action topologycombinations. One will appreciate that the number of actions isvirtually unlimited and depends on the number of category substituentsand the number and length of the topology templates.

Action topology combinations may need further description that may notbe qualified as part of an action that can be distinguished by aspecific topology, such as that the ‘where’ data category of aparticular topology refers to a city or refers to geographicalco-ordinates, such as Global Positioning System, GPS, data, or in thatthe ‘when’ data category refers to ‘years’ or ‘seconds’, for example.However, other descriptive information may be supplemented to an actiontopology combination, like a timestamp indicating the time of matching,for example. Action topology combinations supplemented by descriptiveinformation are referred to as action topology instances.

The disclosure involves storage of the data elements of the receiveddata in association with at least one data category and at least oneaction. This effectively allows for storage of each data element justonce, although a respective data element may be involved with differentactions. Thereby providing vast storage space savings, and effectivelyavoiding duplications and inconsistencies in the data elements stored.

To this end, the identified data elements are matched with the assignedaction topology combination in accordance with the respective actiontopology and the sequence of the data elements, such that one dataelement is mapped to one data category of the topology.

In accordance with the present disclosure, actions are represented by arespective unique action identifier. Topologies are represented by arespective unique topology identifier. An action topology combination isrepresented by a unique action topology identifier, and action topologyinstances are represented by a unique action topology instanceidentifier. Each data category is represented by a respective datacategory identifier, i.e. a subject data category identifier, an objectdata category identifier, a spatial data category identifier, and atemporal data category identifier. Data elements are represented by aunique data element identifier.

Using the respective identifiers when invoking the matching of the dataelements, the present disclosure creates associations between the dataelement identifiers, action identifiers, action topology identifiers,topology identifiers, data category identifiers and action topologyinstance identifiers. Links between data elements, that in classicaldatabases have to be predefined and expressed by table links orobject-inheritance, come to light in the disclosure by the fact that asame data element may take part in different actions. Once a dataelement becomes part of one ore more actions it becomes automaticallylinked with other stored data elements, independent from the origin ofthe data element. In fact, one does not need to have knowledgebeforehand about any data element stored, to retrieve information fromit.

It will be appreciated that data elements. i.e. their identifiers, maybe directly matched with a particular data category, i.e. a datacategory identifier, in a pre-defined manner, for example in case of asingle action. Such that the step of assigning is implicitly performedby such direct matching.

By storing, in a computer readable format, at a data storage engine theidentified data elements in connection with their respective dataelement identifier, the instance information in connection with arespective action topology instance identifier, and the associationsbetween the identifiers resulting from the steps of identifying,assigning, matching and supplementing, the present disclosure allows toquery data elements in the most flexible way, just from manipulating therespective identifiers independent of the respective data elements.

The disclosure fully separates the raw data, the descriptive or instancedata, and the identifiers. This means that query resolution can be donedata-less. Even more, this full separation adds a powerful protection orsecurity to the data elements, because the data elements, the instanceinformation and the linking identifiers may be spread among physicallyseparated hardware, i.e. data storage engines, data query engines andother data analysis engines.

It is just with the results of a query or an analysis that therespective data elements have to be revealed and at this level too adata proprietor may decide which data elements may be revealed and whichnot. The present disclosure reduces manipulation of big data setsobjectively to manipulations on anonymous identifiers, thereby providingoptimal privacy.

Analysis on the identifiers as such may provide information on thenature and validity thereof and hence the data stored, even withouthaving to reveal particular data elements, i.e. there value or meaning.

In an embodiment the step of storing comprises building, by thecomputer, in the storage engine, a plurality of binary n-dimensionalarrays, in particular a plurality of two-dimensional arrays, each arrayhaving a unique name and indices formed by respective identifiers,wherein the identifiers are preferably represented by numericalidentifiers, and wherein associations between identifiers are expressedby a binary value, such that presence of an association betweenidentifiers of an array is expressed by a first binary value and absenceof a relation between the identifiers of an array is expressed by asecond binary value.

With a limited set of, for example, bit-matrices, all links between theavailable data elements can be represented. These matrices can be easilysplit in fixed-size sub matrices, that can be stored over a virtuallyunlimited number of servers making up the storage engine, without theneed for complex map reduce mechanisms or the like. The fact that thislimited set—less than about 30—matrices allows to represent all of thelinks in the data also means that the indices don't grow exponentiallyin size or complexity just because the data becomes more complex.

The overhead of each unique data element and of each descriptiveinformation is minimal—fixed to the size of its identifier, ID, and thenumber of bits referring to the ID within the matrices. The bit-matricescan be stored and retrieved easily on disc or other storage medium in aspace-optimised format.

To this end, in an embodiment, the binary values are assigned by thecomputer to obtain sparse arrays or matrices, that is matrices of whichthe number of zero's is largest, requiring less storage space. It willbe appreciated that this eventually may involve inversion of the bitsthat represent a link between the indices of the array or matrix.

In an embodiment, the computer stores the data element identifiers andthe corresponding data elements, as well as the action topology instanceidentifiers and the corresponding instance information in lists. Theselists, like the bit-matrices or arrays expressing links between theidentifiers, may be split in sub-lists for storage over a number ofservers making up the storage engine. Thereby adding another layer ofsecurity to the data storage.

The instance information, comprising descriptive information, inparticular descriptive information pertaining to at least one datacategory of an action topology combination, may be structured inaccordance with the data structuring format of the present disclosureused for the data elements, that is comprised of actions, topologies,action topology combinations, data categories and instance information.

The instance information, in particular, may comprise a so-calledconstraining action and a so-called applying action. A constrainingaction comprises a requirement that has to be fulfilled in connectionwith a particular data element. For example, for such data element aninstance or instance information has to be available or defined. Anapplying action refers to data creation or triggering of an event or thelike in connection with a particular data element.

By structuring the instance information also allocating respectiveidentifiers in the manner as disclosed above in connection with the dataelements, it will be appreciated that also links between the instanceinformation can be revealed, providing a further layer of analysis.

A data element in accordance with the present disclosure is a piece ofdata such as a word in a sentence, a coded part or sample of a pictureor a sound, a sensor value, and so on. In general, representinginformation or content of a text, a picture, sound, etc. Data elementsof the digital data to be stored may be identified by comparing samewith data elements stored at a data elements repository. However, dataelements may also be identified by the computer from informationreceived from manual user input or remote input from other data sources.A simple example is data in which the data elements are gathered in aspecific prescribed order through a user interface or menu, or commaseparated, or otherwise. Data elements may also be retrieved by thecomputer from applying a data elements identifying algorithm in relationto the digital data to be stored. Such a data elements identifyingalgorithm is, for example, based on statistical data element counting,pattern recognition, correlation and concepts detection algorithms.

An action to be assigned may be pre-defined and available for thecomputer from an actions repository, for example. However, actions mayalso be assigned dynamically by user input to the computer, generated byan action identifying algorithm, and/or based on pattern recognition byneural networks, for example, without suffering the problems ofexpanding the classical data model to cope with new types of and linksbetween data elements to be stored.

An action topology combination may be assigned, by the computer, byretrieving a pre-defined topology from pre-defined topologies stored ata topologies repository, for example, or by a topology received by thecomputer through user input, for example, or from a suitable topologyidentifying algorithm, and combining same with the already assignedaction. Data representing a text, a sentence, a clause, a scene, anevent or the like can be structured by one or a plurality of topologies.

Unique identifiers may be allocated by the computer in accordance with asuitable algorithm as generally known to a person skilled in the art.

In a second aspect there is provided a computer implemented and computercontrolled data query method, wherein a data query is performed by acomputer on identifiers stored at a data storage engine in accordancewith the action-based logical data model as elucidated in accordancewith the first aspect of the present disclosure.

As disclosed above, data elements are linked at the action level,comprised by at least one instance of a respective topology, i.e. anaction topology combination, and these links are expressed by theassociations between the respective identifiers resulting from the stepsof identifying, assigning, matching and supplementing in accordance withthe first aspect of the present disclosure.

Accordingly, stored data elements, either alone or in combination, canbe retrieved, in accordance with the present disclosure, by performing adata retrieving query at identifier level.

Any data element can be queried and all the links between any dataelements can be discovered by three query types:

-   -   an in-action query, identifying co-existence of data elements in        a same action, based on the data element identifiers, action        topology identifiers, action identifiers and topology        identifiers;    -   a common-action query, identifying data elements having a common        set of actions, based on the data element identifiers, action        topology identifiers, and action identifiers, and    -   a correlation query, verifying data elements that are shared by        different action topologies, based on the data element        identifiers, action topology identifiers, action identifiers,        and topology identifiers.

In an embodiment operating on the array or matrix representations of theassociations between identifiers, a query matrix is generated based ondata element identifiers of data elements in a query and binaryexpression matrices expressing a logical relationship between the dataelement identifiers at action, topology and action topology instancelevel. The query is resolved by overlaying the query matrix with any ofthe n-dimensional arrays or matrices expressing an association betweenidentifiers, wherein the data element identifiers of data elements in aquery are retrieved from stored data elements and corresponding dataelement identifiers.

Applying bit-logic operations available to a computer in overlaying thequery matrix and any of the n-dimensional arrays or matrices, any queryor question of whatever complexity can be solved with almost identicalspeed.

In addition to querying or searching data elements for an analysingpurposes, the data retrieving query may be set such to mask dataelements from being retrieved for selective displaying and datatransfer, such as required in connection with data securityapplications.

The data structuring according to the present disclosure not only allowsfor a versatile and powerful mining of digital data includingstructured, semi-structured and unstructured data, to reveal unseenstructure and information, simply by selecting or defining a proper dataretrieving query, but also for the execution of operations.

Operations to be performed using the data stored, may be executed bydefining a proper execution topology, comprised of execution categories.An execution category specifies a particular type of execution to beperformed and an execution topology specifies a number and the order inwhich respective execution categories have to be executed, to eventuallyprovide a specified operation.

By assigning to each execution topology a respective unique executiontopology identifier and by assigning to each execution category a uniqueexecution category identifier, operations can be performed in likemanner as explained above in connection with resolving a query, byoverlaying an execution matrix comprised of execution topologyidentifiers and execution category identifiers with any of then-dimensional arrays or matrices expressing an association betweenidentifiers, wherein the data element identifiers of data elementsinvolved in an operation are retrieved from stored data elements andcorresponding data element identifiers.

The method in accordance with the present disclosure is universallyapplicable for storing many different types of data, such as but notlimited to text data, linguistic data, image data, video data, sounddata, control data, measurement data, olfactive data and tactile data.Due to the structuring format of the present disclosure, data elementsof all such data types are stored and retrieved in a standardizedmanner, such that same allows for combinations of different types ofdata which is not possible at all with presently known, conventionaldatabases and database structures.

In a third aspect, there is provided a data processing platform,configured for arranging data for processing and storage thereof at adata storage engine in accordance with the action-based logical datamodel of the first aspect of the present disclosure, the platformcomprising at least one computer and a data storage engine operativelyconfigured for performing the steps of:

-   -   receiving data in a computer readable format, the data        comprising a plurality of ordered data elements;    -   identifying data elements in the received data and allocating to        each of the identified data elements a unique data element        identifier representing a respective data element;    -   assigning, to the received data, an action from a plurality of        actions represented by a respective unique action identifier and        a unique action topology identifier specifying an association        between data elements of an action according to a respective        topology comprised of an ordered plurality of data categories        including a subject data category, an object data category, a        spatial data category and a temporal data category, the topology        being represented by a unique topology identifier and each data        category being represented by a respective data category        identifier;    -   matching the identified data elements with the assigned action        topology combination in accordance with the action topology and        the order of the data elements, such that one data element is        matched to one data category of the topology;    -   supplementing instance information to matched action topology        combinations and allocating an action topology instance        identifier to the supplemented action topology combination, and    -   storing, in a computer readable format, at the data storage        engine the identified data elements, the instance information        and associations between identifiers resulting from the steps of        identifying, assigning, matching and supplementing.

The computer implemented and computer controlled data processingplatform, in an embodiment thereof, may comprise a plurality ofcommunicatively interconnected data processing devices operating aplurality of a data processing layers, such as comprising

-   -   a first data processing layer arranged for providing at least        one communication interface for exchanging data with the data        processing platform;    -   a second data processing layer arranged for implementing and        controlling the data structuring format, and    -   a third data processing layer arranged for providing access to a        plurality of data storage devices, for storage and querying        purposes.

The processing platform, i.e. the computer or data processing devices,in further embodiments thereof, is configured for performing the methodin accordance with the first aspect of the present disclosure, disclosedabove.

In a fifth aspect there is provided a computer implemented and computercontrolled method of arranging, in memory, data subsets retrieved in acomputer readable format from at least one data source, the data subsetscomprising a plurality of data subset elements structured in accordancewith a logical data model, for the processing of the data subsets by anaction-based logical data model in accordance with the first aspect ofthe present disclosure, wherein a computer performing the steps of:

-   -   retrieving, at least one data subset of data provided by a data        source, each data subset comprising a plurality of data subset        elements, each data subset element represented by a respective        data subset element identifier;    -   assigning, to each data subset, at least one action represented        by a respective action identifier;    -   assigning, to each assigned action, a data category of the        plurality of data categories, represented by a respective data        category identifier, and at least one action topology        combination specifying an association between data subset        elements of a respective data subset of an assigned action,        represented by a respective action topology identifier;    -   matching each data subset element of each data subset with a        data category of a respective action topology combination        assigned to a respective data subset;    -   supplementing, from the data source, instance information of a        respective data subset to a matched action topology combination,        the supplemented action topology combination represented by a        respective action topology instance identifier;    -   assigning, to the matched action topology combinations        supplemented by the instance information, at least one        constructor identified by a unique constructor identifier, each        constructor comprising at least one property;    -   assigning, to each constructor, a data category of the plurality        of data categories, represented by a respective data category        identifier, and at least one constructor topology combination,        identified by a unique constructor topology identifier, the        constructor topology combination specifying an ordered plurality        of properties of a constructor, a property operating on the        matched action topology combinations supplemented by the        instance information, each property represented by a unique        property identifier, and each property comprising a data        category corresponding to a respective data category of the        constructor topology combination, and    -   presenting structured relations between the data subset elements        of the data subsets in accordance with at least one assigned        constructor.

By assigning, to an action, a data category from the above-defined datacategories comprising a subject data category, an object data category,a spatial data category and a temporal data category, i.e. a ‘who’, a‘what’, a ‘where’ and a ‘when’ data category, respectively, an actionitself may become part of an other action, specified by an actiontopology combination comprised of an ordered plurality of datacategories.

In this manner it becomes possible to combine data subsets of one orseveral data sources to which actions are assigned in accordance withthe present action-based logical data model, by introducing aconstructor action, or in short a constructor, comprising a plurality ofconstructer properties that operate on the matched action topologycombinations supplemented by the instance information relating to datasubset elements of the data subsets.

A constructor, like an action, is represented by a unique constructoridentifier, has a data category of the plurality of data categoriesassigned to it, identified by a respective data category identifier, andat least one constructor topology combination, identified by a uniqueconstructor topology identifier. The constructor topology combinationspecifies an ordered plurality of properties of a constructor, eachproperty represented by a unique property identifier. From a respectiveconstructor topology combination, based on the order of a particularproperty, to each property there is also assigned a data category, suchthat also an action may be assigned to a property, etc.

Hence, the assignment of data category to an action, the introduction ofa constructor action operating on an assigned action and havingproperties that also may be represented by an action, provides auniversally applicable data model mapping platform, capable ofpresenting structured relations between the data subset elements ofplural data subsets of plural data sources and plural data models, byexecuting a respective constructor in accordance with the fifth aspectof the present disclosure.

Properties may include one or more of a data property, referring to anaction topology instance combination of an assigned action, a labelproperty, referring to an action topology of an assigned action, acalculated property, referring to a data subset of an assigned action, aconstructor property, referring to an other constructor, and a functionproperty, referring to an action.

A data property, linking to an action topology instance combination ofan action, describes mapped data for which an action topology instancehas to be specified as a parameter when the constructor is used. Whichmeans that different instances of the constructor can be associated withmultiple action topology instances. The data property may refer to anaction topology instance combination assigned to a matched data subsetat retrieval thereof, also called a constant property, or to an actiontopology instance combination of an action assigned when applying aconstructor.

A label property, linking to an action topology of an action assigned toa data subset allows for access to all action topologies instanceslinked to that action topology. As such, a label property can beconsidered as an array of objects, the objects being the linked actiontopology instances.

A calculated property links to a specific data subset of a data source.A calculated property does not refer directly to any actual data butdescribes to load a data subset at the moment of use or execution of thecalculated property in an application.

A constructor property contains a link to a specific other constructor,and a function property contains a link to an action, i.e. an actionidentifier in which the code to be executed and the parameters to befilled at execution time are specified. The function property canoperate only on the data referenced by the properties of theconstructor.

In accordance with the fifth aspect of the present disclosure, the stepof assigning, to each assigned action, at least one action topologycombination specifying an association between data subset elements of arespective data subset of an assigned action, comprises assigning anaction topology combination, each data category of the action topologycombination being equal to the data category of the assigned action.That is, the data category assigned to a respective action may beinherited by the data subset elements when matching same.

In accordance with the action-based logical data model disclosed in thefirst aspect of the present disclosure arranging, in memory, dataretrieved in a computer readable format from at least one data sourcemay comprise building, by the computer, a plurality of binaryn-dimensional arrays, in particular a plurality of two-dimensionalarrays, each array having a unique name and indices formed by respectiveidentifiers, and wherein associations between identifiers are expressedby a binary value, such that presence of an association betweenidentifiers of an array is expressed by a first binary value and absenceof a relation between the identifiers of an array is expressed by asecond binary value, and in particular wherein the binary values areassigned by the computer to obtain sparse arrays.

In an embodiment of the disclosure according to the fifth aspect of thepresent disclosure, arranging, in memory, data retrieved in a computerreadable format from at least one data source comprises building, by thecomputer, at least one of a list of data subset element identifiers andcorresponding data subset elements, and action topology instanceidentifiers and corresponding instance information of a data subset. Thedata subset element identifiers may be allocated automatically, by thecomputer, according to a data subset identifier allocation algorithm,for example, or may be taken form the data source, if applicable.

In accordance with the action-based logical data model disclosed in thefirst aspect of the present disclosure, in the present fifth aspect theinstance information of a data subset comprises descriptive information,in particular descriptive information pertaining to at least one datacategory of an action topology combination, the instance informationbeing structured in accordance with a data structuring format comprisedof actions, topologies, action topology combinations, data categoriesand respective unique identifiers.

Data subsets of a data source may comprise at least one of a table in arelational database; a subgraph in a graph database; a document from adocument database; a set of documents from a document database; a listof Key-Value pairs from a Key-Value Store; and a result set of a queryperformed at data of a data source. It will be appreciated that datasubsets may comprise a plurality of data subset elements.

As mentioned above, a constructor is a special action for revealing andpresenting structured relations between data subset elements ofdifferent data subsets of the same or different data sources and aplurality of different data models. Accordingly, in a similar manner asdisclosed for an action, in accordance with the present disclosure, aconstructor may be assigned by the computer using at least one ofpre-defined constructors stored in a constructors, i.e. actions,repository; a constructor received by the computer, and a constructoridentifying algorithm.

In a similar manner as disclosed for an action topology combination inaccordance with the first aspect of the present disclosure, aconstructor topology combination may be assigned to a constructor by thecomputer by retrieving a topology from pre-defined topologies stored ata topologies repository; topologies received by the computer, and atopology identifying algorithm.

In an embodiment of the fifth aspect of the present disclosure, aproperty is represented by an action, comprising a data category equalto the data category of the property, and an action topology combinationcomprising an ordered plurality of action topology instance identifiersof matched data subsets and comprising the property identifier.

A constructor may be expressed as an instance of an action, which actionis a predefined action having a data element comprising the constructoridentifier, and an action topology referring to the data categories ofproperties of the actions corresponding to the constructor, and whereindata elements associated as data with respective topology datacategories are action topology instance identifiers of a correspondingaction of a respective property.

It is noted that the structure of a constructor may also be expressed asan action. That action may then have the name, i.e. the identifier, ofthe constructor. The action topology will be composed of the set of datacategories of all the properties of the constructor. The names, i.e. theidentifiers of its different properties will be the metadata associatedwith every topology position and the type of the property will then beassociated as a data element with every topology position. Thissupplementary way of expressing a constructor can help to understand themodel but is not necessary to make it work.

In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a computerimplemented and computer controlled data processing platform, configuredfor arranging, in memory, data subsets retrieved in a computer readableformat from at least one data source, the data subsets comprising aplurality of data subset elements structured in accordance with alogical data model, for the processing of the data subsets by anaction-based logical data model representing data comprising a pluralityof data elements, by:

-   -   actions, assigned to data, each action identified by a unique        action identifier;    -   data categories, including a subject data category, an object        data category, a spatial data category and a temporal data        category, each data category identified by a unique data        category identifier;    -   action topology combinations, specifying associations between        data elements of data of an action in accordance with a topology        comprising an ordered plurality of data categories, each action        topology combination identified by a unique action topology        identifier;    -   instance information, supplemented to an action topology        combination, identified by a unique action topology instance        identifier, and    -   each data element identified by a unique data element        identifier, the platform comprising at least one computer and        memory configured for performing the steps of:    -   retrieving, at least one data subset of data provided by a data        source, each data subset comprising a plurality of data subset        elements, each data subset element represented by a respective        data subset element identifier;    -   assigning, to each data subset, at least one action represented        by a respective action identifier;    -   assigning, to each assigned action, a data category of the        plurality of data categories, represented by a respective data        category identifier, and at least one action topology        combination specifying an association between data subset        elements of a respective data subset of an assigned action,        represented by a respective action topology identifier;    -   matching each data subset element of each data subset with a        data category of a respective action topology combination        assigned to a respective data subset;    -   supplementing, from the data source, instance information of a        respective data subset to a matched action topology combination,        the supplemented action topology combination represented by a        respective action topology instance identifier;    -   assigning, to the matched action topology combinations        supplemented by the instance information, at least one        constructor identified by a unique constructor identifier, each        constructor comprising at least one property;    -   assigning, to each constructor, a data category of the plurality        of data categories, represented by a respective data category        identifier, and at least one constructor topology combination,        identified by a unique constructor topology identifier, the        constructor topology combination specifying an ordered plurality        of properties of a constructor, a property operating on the        matched action topology combinations supplemented by the        instance information, each property represented by a unique        property identifier, and each property comprising a data        category corresponding to a respective data category of the        constructor topology combination, and    -   presenting structured relations between the data subset elements        of the data subsets in accordance with at least one assigned        constructor.

In an embodiment of the computer implemented and computer controlleddata processing platform in accordance with the sixth aspect of thepresent disclosure, structured relations between the data subsetelements of the data subsets are presented by at least one of displayingthe structured relations at an electronic display, and storing thestructured relations in a computer readable form at a storage engine.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the data processingdevices and data storage devices of a processing platform in accordancewith present disclosure need not be positioned in a single data room orthe like. The platform is structured to allow remote processing andstorage of data, in particular web-based processing and interfacing.

In a seventh aspect there is provided a computer implemented andcomputer controlled data query processing platform, comprising at leastone computer configured for performing a data query on identifiersstored at the storage engine in accordance with the first aspect of thepresent disclosure, disclosed above.

The present disclosure also provides, in an eight aspect, a computerprogram product, comprising program code means stored on a computerreadable medium, the code means being arranged to perform the methodaccording to any of the first, second and fifth aspect of the presentdisclosure, when the program code is executed by a computer, inparticular wherein the code means are arranged for being integrated inor added to a computer application for joint execution of the programcode and the computer application by a computer.

A computer readable medium may comprise any of a transitory ornon-transitory computer readable medium as known to those skilled in theart. Non-transitory computer readable media for the purpose of topresent disclosure include but are not limited to any of optically,magnetically, solid state semiconductor or other media, such asdesignated Compact Discs, CDs, Digital Versatile Disks, DVDs, flashmemory, memory sticks, Hard Disk Drives, HDDs, Solid State Drives, SDDs,etc.

The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the presentdisclosure will be best understood from the following detaileddescription referring to the attached drawings. In the drawings, likereference numerals denote identical parts or parts performing anidentical or comparable function or operation. The examples provided arefor illustrative purposes only and may not be construed as limitativefor the present disclosure, its use and the scope of protectionconferred by the appending claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows, in a very schematic and illustrative manner, an entityrelationship type diagram illustrating the relationships between theseveral entities of the data structuring format, in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows, in a schematic and illustrative manner, in a block diagramrepresentation, an example of a logical design of a data processingplatform, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 3-8 show, in a schematic and illustrative manner, examples ofitems stored in the several stores of FIG. 2 with their respective IDs,in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9-12 show some examples of two-dimensional matrices illustratinglinks between IDs of several items, in accordance with the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a matrix based query expression for use withthe two-dimensional matrices shown in FIGS. 9-12 and the items disclosedin FIGS. 3-8, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 shows an enhanced entity relationship type diagram according toFIG. 1, for revealing and presenting structured relations between datasubset elements of data subsets of data sources, in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 15 shows an example of a data source containing data subsetscomprising a plurality of data subset elements structured in accordancewith a logical data model.

FIG. 16 shows, in a schematic and illustrative manner, matching of adata subset of the data source of the example shown in FIG. 15, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 shows, in a schematic and illustrative manner, matching of aresult set of a query executed on the data subsets of the data source ofthe example shown in FIG. 15, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 shows, in a schematic and illustrative manner, a series ofexamples of actions matching data subsets of the data source of theexample shown in FIG. 15, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 shows, in a schematic and illustrative manner, several examplesof constructors using actions mapping external data as properties, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 shows, in a schematic and illustrative manner, examples of howconstructors and their properties can be represented as actions, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 shows, in a schematic and illustrative manner, examples of howusage of properties can be represented as actions, in accordance withthe present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the entity relationship type diagram 10 of FIG. 1, reference numeral11 represents data elements received by a computer in a computerreadable format. To each of the data elements a unique data elementidentifier, DataElementID, is allocated. Besides its ID, data elementsmay additionally be identified by a respective name, if applicable.

An action or actions to be assigned to the received data and the uniqueaction identifier, ActionID, representing a particular action, areindicated by reference numeral 12. Actions may also have a particularname.

The entity designated by reference numeral 13 represents topologies.Topologies are comprised of a plurality of ordered data categories, andeach topology is represented by a unique topology identifier,TopologyID.

Data categories, represented by entity 14, include a subject datacategory, an object data category, a spatial data category and atemporal data category. Each data category is represented by arespective data category identifier, DataCategoryID. Suitable names forthe data categories are ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘where’ and ‘when’, respectivelyrepresenting the subject data category, the object data category, thespatial data category and the temporal data category.

The action topology entity 15 specifies combinations of actions of theplurality of actions 12—an action represented by a respective uniqueActionID—and a topology of the plurality of topologies 13—a topologyrepresented by a respective unique TopologyID. Each such action topologycombination is represented by a unique action topology combinationidentifier, ActionTopologyID, which may be comprised of a respectiveActionID and TopologyID.

In order to match data elements 11 with an assigned action topologycombination 15, the sequence of the data elements, i.e. theirDataElementID, and the order of the data categories 14 in a particulartopology 13 have to be observed. To this end, an order identifier entity16, OrderID, is provided which represents the position of a particulardata category identified by its DataCategoryID in a particular topology,represented by its TopologyID.

Based on this OrderID, instance information from an instance informationentity 17 may be supplemented or added to the matched action elementsand data categories in an action topology, which instance information isrepresented by a unique instance information identifier,InstanceInformationID.

The associations of the thus matched data elements, data categories andthe instance information provided are expressed by a particular actiontopology instance of the action topology, having an action topologyinstance identifier, ActionTopologyInstanceID, as represented by entity18.

That is, the action topology instance entity 18 represents theassociations between DataElementIDs, InstanceInformationIDs,ActionTopologyIDs, TopologyIDs, DataCategoryIDs, and the respectiveorder or position thereof by the OrderID. The associations between therespective IDs thus obtained may be stored in a plurality of arrays ormatrices and may form a basis for data querying and for data execution,i.e. executing operations based on the data elements available.

In the example of the processing platform 20 in accordance with thepresent disclosure as shown in FIG. 2, a computer comprising a firstprocessing layer 21 is arranged to provide the communicationinterface(s) between the platform 20 and the external world. The firstprocessing layer 21 ensures the exchange of data between the dataprocessing platform and external sources and consumers of data (notshown). Typically, the data processing platform communicates with othercomputer based applications via automated exchanges of data or via userdriven exchanges.

Once a request for data or a request to store data arrives with theplatform 20 via one of the communication interfaces of the firstprocessing layer 21 of the platform, a second or data processing layer22 of the computer is configured for identifying data elements andassigning an appropriate action and topology to the data. Data elementsmay be identified through a suitable data elements identifyingalgorithm, from information provided through the user interface layer21, or other sources of data and applicable information. Furthermore, bythe data processing layer 22, the corresponding data categories arematched with the data elements based on their respective order.

To execute the process of assigning, ordering and matching on the datareceived or requested in a query, for example, the data processing layer22 interacts with a third or data access layer 23 of the computer.

The data access layer 23 logically comprises at least four differentlogical data stores 26, 27, 28, 29. The first store 26, being the dataelement store, is configured for assigning a unique DataElementID toeach stored data element and for storing each unique data element atleast once (or with a user requested degree of redundancy) in the dataelement store 26.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the data element store 26may as such also consist of different sub-stores. The most common reasonfor having different stores will be the size and number of data elementsto store. However one could also create a specific store for eachdifferent type of data elements to store. Examples of different dataelement types are string data, floating point numerical data, integerdata, timestamp data, all of which can be stored in a common in-linestore 31 or each have their own store. Larger data, like binary objectsand many more, typically will be stored in a large object base, LOB,storage 32. One may also spread out the logical data element store overmultiple geographically spread physical sub-stores or repositories orstorage engines, to avoid potential latency and data losses that couldoccur if data has to travel over long physical distances or in case of adisaster occurring at one of the physical storage locations, such thatdata would no longer be available or becomes corrupted, for example.

The second logical store 27 is the action based data description store27. This action based data description store contains all the elementsneeded to adequately describe the data elements and the relationshipsthere between. These elements are data categories 33, each with a uniqueDataCategoryID, actions 34, each with a unique ActionID, topologies 35,each with a unique TopologyID and an ordered sequence ofDataCategoryIDs, and action topology combinations 36, that also eachhave a unique ActionTopologyID. In accordance with what has beenremarked about the data element store 26 above, also the action baseddata description store 27 may consist of different sub-stores infunction of the size of the data it needs to store or based on othercriteria relevant to the specific purpose of the application using thedata processing platform 20.

Instead of retrieving actions and topologies from a store or repository34, 35, respectively, same may be inputted by a user, for example,through the first or interfacing layer 21 of the data processingplatform. Action identifying algorithms and topology identifyingalgorithms may be executed by the second or data processing layer 22 ofthe platform 20.

The third logical store, namely the action topology instance store 28,actually establishes the link between the information in the actionbased data description store 27 and the data elements in the dataelement store 26, by using the respective IDs. The link is establishedby means of action topology instances. An action topology instancepersists the way in which an action was assigned to an ordered sequenceof data elements by matching its corresponding topology informationexpressed in the unique action topology combination with the orderedsequence of identified data elements. Moreover, for each action topologyinstance specific instance information is persisted. This instanceinformation can be things like a status, extra information about thedifferent data elements that can be derived from and associated withtheir position in the topology and the corresponding data category andthe specific combination of the action and the topology.

As for all stores the action topology instance store may consist ofmultiple different sub-stores 37 in function of the size of the data itneeds to store other criteria relevant to the specific purpose of theapplication using the data processing platform 20.

The fourth logical store 29 of the data access layer 23 is the actionmodel based index store. This store contains all indices needed todescribe and persist all the links between all the items present in theother stores of the data access layer 23, making use of their respectiveidentifiers.

A particularly advantageous way of representing and persisting theselinks in the context of the present disclosure is by using sparse bitmatrices. This, because every particular kind of item in the dataprocessing platform 20 may be represented by a specific set of numericalidentifiers and since the number of sets is very limited. A sparse bitmatrix can be defined and populated for all the pairs of specificidentifier sets, expressing for each identifier in the first set whetherit is linked or not to each identifier in the second set, by using 0 or1 Boolean values, without generating significant overhead.

There are specific sets of identifiers for data elements, actions, datacategories, topologies, action topology combinations, action topologyinstances and all necessary positional information may be expressed byusing the length of the longest defined topology as an upper boundary.

The action model based index store 29, which also can comprise differentsub-stores 38, creates the unique advantage of making it possible toexpress links between data elements at the moment they are introduced tothe data processing platform instead of having to predefine them as isrequired in most state-of-the art data management systems.

Another unique advantage of the index store 29 is that it allows toquery all the data present in the data processing platform withouthaving to know where in the platform same are stored and without havingto explicitly join different parts of the data description model as iscommon practice in state-of-the-art data processing platforms.

Moreover the combination of numerical identifiers, sparse bit matricesand the separation between data elements, descriptive elements andindices enables the data processing platform 20 to execute a number ofoperations such as data quality control, duplicate data detection, datasimilarity calculations etcetera, on the data in the system withoutdisclosing or touching the data itself, and just using the knowledgeencapsulated in the sets of identifiers and the links between themembers of those sets expressed in the sparse bit matrices.

The fourth layer 24 in the figure is the data execution layer of thecomputer. This layer enables the data processing platform toautomatically execute operations to be performed using the data storedand may executed a proper topology comprised of execution categoriessuch as triggering a signal, loading an application, stopping inapplication, sending data to an external system and any alike asrepresented by external process 25.

FIG. 3 shows a sample set of data elements, represented by theirrespective DataElementID as stored in the data element store 26 of theplatform 20 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 shows a sample of actions, represented bytheir ActionIDs as stored in or retrieved from the action store 34 ofFIG. 2. FIG. 5 describes the subject data category, object datacategory, spatial data category and temporal data category, i.e.represented by the names Who, What, Where and When, respectively, andidentified by their unique DataCategoryID, stored in repository or datacategory store 33 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a list of examples of topologies and their unique TopologyID.As disclosed, a topology is an ordered list of DataCategoryIDs. In thefigure, for clarity sake, the DataCategoryIDs are also represented bytheir respective names. See also FIG. 5.

The list in FIG. 6 shows examples of combinations of actions of theplurality of actions 12—an action represented by a respective uniqueActionID—and a topology of the plurality of topologies 13—a topologyrepresented by a respective unique TopologyID. Each such action topologycombination is represented by a unique action topology combinationidentifier, ActionTopologyID.

An example of action topology instance information, for a particularActionTopologyInstanceID, is shown in FIG. 8. The instance informationin this example comprises a timestamp, i.e. TimeStamp, a status, i.e.StatusID, applying actions, i.e. ApplyingActionIDs and constrainingactions, i.e. ConstrainingActionIDs. and is stored in the actiontopology instances store 28 in FIG. 2. In the list, a ‘0’-value in therespective ActionIDs represents absence of a respective action for thecorresponding position in the applicable topology.

The examples above are, of course, not exhaustive and merely providedfor illustration purposes, while the IDs are shown as numericalidentifiers. One will appreciate that other types of identifiers may beused for the same purpose.

Links between the respective IDs, expressed in bit matrices inaccordance with the present disclosure, are shown in the examples ofFIGS. 9-12. These matrices shown are just a few of a plurality ofmatrices or multi-dimensional arrays that can be established based onthe data structuring, processing and storage in accordance with thepresent disclosure. In the naming of the bit matrices, the item firstmentioned represents the IDs of the rows and the last mentioned itemrepresents the IDs of the columns. The matrices are stored in the actionbased index model store 29, as shown in FIG. 2.

The DataElementID to ActionID matrix shown in FIG. 9, expressesassociations of data elements, denoted by their respectiveDataElementID, listed and bold printed in the left most column of thematrix, and actions, denoted by their respective ActionID, listed andbold printed in the upper row of the matrix. In the matrix, a ‘1’-valueindicates that a respective data element is involved in a respectiveaction, and a ‘0’-value indicates that a respective data element is notinvolved in a respective action.

The ActionID to TopologyID matrix shown in FIG. 10, expressescombinations of actions, denoted by their respective ActionID, listedand bold printed in the left most column of the matrix, and topologies,denoted by their respective TopologyID, listed and bold printed in theupper row of the matrix. In the matrix, a ‘1’-value indicates thepresence of a respective action and topology combination, and a‘0’-value indicates absence of such combination. As can be seen from thematrix, a topology as such is not specific for an action. For example,the different actions 1 and 2 share the same topology 6. Action 4involves different topologies 1, 2, 3, 4. Such action topologycombinations are distinguished from each other by specific actiontopology combinations.

The DataElementID to DataCategoryID matrix shown in FIG. 11 indicates towhat data category or data categories, denoted by their respectiveDataElementID, listed and bold printed in the top row of the matrix, aparticular data element, represented by its DataElementID, listed andbold printed in the left most column of the matrix, pertains to. Thus,for example, data element 18 is of the ‘What’ category, while dataelement 22 may be both a Who and a What. See also FIG. 5.

The TopologyID to ActionTopologyInstanceID matrix in FIG. 12, shows thatmultiple action instances may be associated with a respective topology.In the matrix of FIG. 12 topologies are denoted by their respectiveTopologyID, listed and bold printed in the left most column of thematrix, and action topology instances are denoted by their respectiveActionTopologyInstanceID, listed and bold printed in the upper row ofthe matrix. Again, in the matrix, a ‘1’-value indicates an associationand a ‘0’-value indicates absence of an association.

The matrix representation shows the flexibility of the discloseddisclosure, as the links in the context of the disclosed disclosureresult in sparse bit matrices requiring less storage space. A sparse bitmatrix or multi-dimensional array can be defined and populated for allthe pairs of specific identifier sets, expressing for each identifier inthe first set whether it is linked or not to each identifier in thesecond set, by using 0 or 1 Boolean values, without generatingsignificant overhead.

A query can be expressed, as shown in FIG. 13, by enumerating the dataelements one is looking for. The logical links the user wants to specifybetween the data elements in the query can be expressed by filling out asimple binary matrix for each of the levels in the descriptive-model(actions, topologies, action-topology-instances).

These binary expression matrices have as many rows as there are dataelements in the query. The number of rows in binary expression matrixesis fixed. The first row expresses the logical OR-relationship, thesecond row expresses the logical AND-relationship and the third rowexpresses the logical-NOT. A binary one, i.e. a ‘1’-value, at thecorresponding position in the described row means that the query-resultneeds to fulfil the logical relation between that data element in thequery and the other elements for the corresponding querying level. Anadditional row is provided in which the DataCategoryID for each dataelement in the query that is of interest to the user may be specified.Zero values in this row mean that any data category associated with thespecified data element will be considered a valid result.

One will appreciate that instead of mentioning the data elementsthemselves, such as “Pete”, “Lilly”, “Antwerp”, for example, thequery-description can also start from the respective DataElementIDs ofthe data elements, in those cases where they are known upfront or thedata elements themselves may not be disclosed for security reasons orotherwise.

Queries are resolved easily. In a first step an easy look-up in the dataelement store 26 is performed to find the IDs of the data elementsmentioned as query-data. The second step is to create a query matrix byusing the IDs resulting from the first step and the logical modeldescribed in the binary expression matrices, to generate the querymatrix that can be overlaid with the set of index matrixes describingthe links between the data and all descriptive elements. In a third stepthe set of IDs resulting from the expanding and overlay operations isthen used to fetch the actual data elements into the query result.

FIG. 14 shows the addition of an a data category, represented by aDataCategoryID, to an action 12. That is, each action in the entityrelation diagram 10 according to FIG. 14 additionally comprises a datacategory. Assigning a data category to an action provides the completeaction to be used as one data element associated with a specificposition of a topology in a specific action-topology combination.Expressed in a different way, this means that actions may become part ofother actions, which provides a basis for an object-oriented inheritancemechanism or to avoid difficult joins as often needed in relationaldatabase queries. Moreover, this mechanism allows to include actions inactions, which makes the model particularly fit for matching or mapping,combining and integrating complex data from different data sources.These sources can be of any kind or type, provided same represent theirdata in a structure model, such as a logic data model. Commonly knownmodels to represent data in a structured way are, for example, arelational database model, a graph database, a document database, akey-value store, or, an object database.

FIG. 15 shows an example of a data source containing data 40 structuredin accordance with a simple relational data model, developed for storingdata about customers 41, products 42, orders 43 and shipments of orders44. The goal of such a data model is to register which products areordered by which customer and when they are shipped. Typically thesemodels are constructed to answer questions like: ‘which products wereordered by which customers and which of these products have already beenshipped to the customer’.

A typical query to be performed on the data 40 would be: “Which productshave already been shipped to customer X ?”. An example of such a querymay look like in the example below:

SELECT

c.CompanyName, s.ID, p.Name, sp.Quantity, p.Price

FROM

Customer c

INNER JOIN Shipment s ON c.ID=s.CustomerID

INNER JOIN ShipmentProduct sp ON s.ID=sp.ShipmentID

INNER JOIN Product p ON p.ID=sp.ProductID

WHERE

s.ShipmentState=‘OutForDelivery’

Queries like the one above are difficult to write for an average userand need a good understanding of the data model.

The fifth aspect of the present disclosure presents a representationmodel by which the user gets an overview of the goods per customer thatare already shipped, which can just be accessed as a property of aconstructor without a need to write specific, ad-hoc queries to accessthe data of interest.

For completeness sake, besides for storing data about customers 41,products 42, orders 43 and shipments of orders 44, the data model shownin FIG. 15 allows storage of data relating to ordered products 45,shipment orders 46, communication means 47, communication categories 48,customer addresses 49, other addresses 50 and shipment products 51.

The steps according to the fifth aspect of the present disclosure areillustrated in a series of schematic representations, presented in theFIGS. 16-20, based on the example data illustrated in FIG. 15.

In a first step data subsets, such as represented by reference numerals41, 42, 43, 44, for example, of the data 40 are to be associated withactions in accordance with the action-based logical data model disclosedby the first aspect of the present disclosure. For the ease of thepresent explanation actions matching data from an external data sourceare called ‘mapping actions’. These actions are regular actions, thatdefined in accordance with the present action-based data model, and thedata elements these actions group are the structured data subsetelements of the respective external data source.

FIG. 16 illustrates an action mapping of the data of one table, i.e. adata subset, in the data model of FIG. 15. FIG. 17 illustrates insimilar manner as FIG. 16 a result set of a query shown in FIG. 17, thatcan be executed on the data model of FIG. 15, and mapped onto an actionin accordance with the present disclosure. It will be appreciated by theperson skilled in the art that any structured set of information can bemapped to an action.

An action may be composed in the following manner. The identifier of theaction is associated with a name for the mapped table or query or, ingeneral, a data subset. The topology associated with the action containsa data category for all columns in the table or in the result set of thequery, for example, or for any recurring subpart of an other kind ofdata subset. The action topology instance will contain the data elementidentifiers of the specific parts of the mapped data, i. e. the names ofthe columns in the mapped table or the names chosen for the columns inthe query result set.

If the part of the data structure that has to be mapped does not allowfor easy association with data categories, one may also pass on the datacategory associated with the mapping action for each subpart of themapped data structure. In object oriented data modelling language thiswould be described as an inheritance mechanism. In accordance with thepresent disclosure, the mapping actions actually do not directly containdata, but refer to data stored in the external data source.

FIG. 18 shows further examples of mapping actions that can be created tolink or map or integrate data subsets of the database model shown inFIG. 15.

A further step in accordance with the method of the fifth aspect of thepresent disclosure, comprises the creation of a constructor, which is aspecial kind of action that consists of a topology of properties ofdifferent types. A property has a name, or identifier, associated with amapping action, and is associated with a position in a constructortopology combination and as such will be associated with the datacategory of the specific position within the constructor topologycombination.

FIG. 19 shows three examples of conceptual constructor definitions. Asillustrated, each property refers to an action topology instanceidentifier or an action topology identifier of a mapping action and, inaccordance with the definition of an action, each property is associatedwith a datatype. This means in practice that a constructor is an actionconsisting of actions, is associated with a topology of data categoriesand each data category in the topology is associated with a property. Aproperty then is a name for a link to a specific mapping action and, inaccordance with the definition of an action, the name or identifier ofeach property will be a data element receiving a specific data elementidentifier. In this example, the data element identifier is specialbecause it refers to the action topology instance identifier associatedwith the property action of the same type.

FIG. 20 shows an example of how constructors and properties can berepresented as instances of a small set of predefined actions. The namesof the actions, the definitions of the topologies, can vary fromimplementation to implementation. In FIG. 20 a representation forconstructors and different kinds of properties is disclosed.

In this implementation, the WhoConstructor action is an example of anaction that can contain all the definitions of constructors of datacategory ‘who’. Each constructor of data category ‘who’ can then berepresented as an action topology instance of this WhoConstructoraction. A specific characteristic of the WhoConstructor action is that atopology associated therewith to represent a specific constructor, willrepresent all the data categories of the properties the specificconstructor comprises of. On top of that, the topology will provide onefixed data category at a specific position, to have a space to representthe name of each property. In the example FIG. 20 it is the firstposition of the topology and the chosen data category is ‘what’.

For the sake of readability, the name of a property in the example isused in the following. In an implemented system, instead of the name thedata element identifier of the name of the property will be used asshown in FIG. 8. The other positions and data categories of the topologyprovide the space to represent the identifiers of the respectiveproperty actions, as shown by the lines linking the different parts ofthe action topology instance of the WhoConstructor action torespectively the DataProperty, the LabelProperty and theConstructorProperty actions. These actions are predefined in theexample, to enable to distinguish between data properties, labelproperties, and constructor properties.

The action called DataProperty is predefined to represent dataassociated with data properties. An action called LabelProperty ispredefined to represent data associated with label properties and anaction called ConstructorProperty is predefined to represent dataassociated with a property. In this example the three actions all areassociated with a topology consisting of two what data categories.

In these three actions, the first position of the topology provides thelink to the name of the property. Once again, the name of the propertyis used for the sake of readability, whereas in practice not the namebut the data element identifier of the name will be represented, asshown in FIG. 8.

In the case of a data property, the second position of the topology ofthe DataProperty action will provide space for the identifier of thespecific action topology instance of the mapping action, referenced bythe specific data property. In FIG. 19 an example of a data property‘customer’ is given. It has the identifier or id 1524 and the datacategory ‘who’. That data property references a specific action topologyinstance of the mapping action IsCustomer with the identifier or id 19as can be seen from FIG. 18.

In the case of a label property, the second position of the topology ofthe LabelProperty action provides space for the identifier of thespecific action topology of the mapping action, referenced by thespecific label property. FIG. 19 shows multiple examples of suchassociations. The first one being the label property ContactDetails,that has data category ‘what’ and refers to action topology id 24, whichis the action-topology associated with the mapping actionIsCustomerCommunication.

The difference between referencing an action topology instance by itsidentifier and referencing an action topology identifier is that anaction topology instance identifier only references a single specificinstance of an action and as such, whereas an action topology referencesall action topology instances associated therewith. Therefore, a dataproperty may be called a value property in object oriented datamodelling terminology and a label property may be considered an array orlist property by object oriented analysts, because it references aseries of instances of the property.

In the case of a constructor property the second position of thetopology of the ConstructorProperty action provides space for theidentifier of the specific action topology of the constructor referencedby the specific label property. FIG. 19 shows multiple examples of suchassociations. The first one being the constructor property Shipments,that has data category ‘what’ and refers to action topology id 1526,which is the action-topology associated with the constructorShipmentDetails.

A constructor property allows to embed constructors into otherconstructors, which allows for very advanced data associations. Inobject oriented terminology, the constructor property referencing aconstructor would be called class inheritance.

The modelling technique described above provides that the dataassociated with those predefined actions always refers to unique actiontopologies or action topology instances of mapping actions, and as suchindirectly links to data, which allows to represent data in a completelydifferent way without transforming or even touching it, and preparing itfor use cases that are completely different then the purpose for whichthe original, external data model was built. The disclosed mechanismalso allows to reuse external data for a variety of purposes withoutduplicating it, since every use of the data by means of a constructoralways refers to mapping actions that only have to be created once.

FIG. 21 shows two examples of actions that can be predefined to describehow properties can be used in an application that uses the disclosedinvention to support object oriented data access to all data fromdifferent data sources, mapped into an action based data model. Thisexample shows a DataPropertyUsage, that describes how a specific dataproperty can be used as an automated filter to select specific actiontopologies associated with the action topology identifier of a labelproperty in the same constructor.

The DataPropertyUsage action contains references to the constructor inwhich the data property is used, the identifier of the property, and thename (once again for the sake of clarity) associated with the topologyposition in the action topology of the referenced mapping action. Italso specifies on which property the data property has to be used as afilter, and ‘what’ represents the name (once again for the sake ofclarity) associated with the action topology position to be filtered.

FIG. 22 also shows a predefined action PropertyIteration, describing inwhat order the topology of the referenced action topology should beiterated by an implementation.

The present disclosure may be practiced otherwise than as specificallydescribed herein, and the above mentioned embodiments and examples aremerely intended as an illustration to the skilled reader.

1. A computer implemented and computer controlled method of arranging,in memory, data subsets retrieved in a computer readable format from atleast one data source, said data subsets comprising a plurality of datasubset elements structured in accordance with a logical data model, forthe processing of said data subsets by an action-based logical datamodel representing data comprising a plurality of data elements, by:actions, assigned to data, each action identified by a unique actionidentifier; data categories, including a subject data category, anobject data category, a spatial data category and a temporal datacategory, each data category identified by a unique data categoryidentifier; action topology combinations, specifying associationsbetween data elements of data of an action in accordance with a topologycomprising an ordered plurality of data categories, each action topologycombination identified by a unique action topology identifier; instanceinformation, supplemented to an action topology combination, identifiedby a unique action topology instance identifier, and each data elementidentified by a unique data element identifier, wherein a computerperforming the steps of: retrieving, at least one data subset of dataprovided by a data source, each data subset comprising a plurality ofdata subset elements, each data subset element represented by arespective data subset element identifier; assigning, to each datasubset, at least one action represented by a respective actionidentifier; assigning, to each assigned action, a data category of saidplurality of data categories, represented by a respective data categoryidentifier, and at least one action topology combination specifying anassociation between data subset elements of a respective data subset ofan assigned action, represented by a respective action topologyidentifier; matching each data subset element of each data subset with adata category of a respective action topology combination assigned to arespective data subset; supplementing, from said data source, instanceinformation of a respective data subset to a matched action topologycombination, said supplemented action topology combination representedby a respective action topology instance identifier; assigning, to saidmatched action topology combinations supplemented by said instanceinformation, at least one constructor identified by a unique constructoridentifier, each constructor comprising at least one property;assigning, to each constructor, a data category of said plurality ofdata categories, represented by a respective data category identifier,and at least one constructor topology combination, identified by aunique constructor topology identifier, said constructor topologycombination specifying an ordered plurality of properties of aconstructor, a property operating on said matched action topologycombinations supplemented by said instance information, each propertyrepresented by a unique property identifier, and each propertycomprising a data category corresponding to a respective data categoryof said constructor topology combination, and presenting structuredrelations between said data subset elements of said data subsets inaccordance with at least one assigned constructor.
 2. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said properties include a data property,referring to an action topology instance combination of an assignedaction, a label property, referring to an action topology of an assignedaction, a calculated property, referring to a data subset of an assignedaction, a constructor property, referring to an other constructor, and afunction property, referring to an action.
 3. The method according toclaim 2, wherein said data property refers to one of an action topologyinstance combination assigned to a matched data subset at retrieval ofsaid data subset, and an action topology instance combination of anaction assigned when applying a constructor.
 4. The method according toclaim 1, wherein said step of assigning, to each assigned action, atleast one action topology combination specifying an association betweendata subset elements of a respective data subset of an assigned action,comprises assigning an action topology combination, each data categoryof said action topology combination being equal to said data category ofsaid assigned action.
 5. The method according to claim 1, whereinarranging, in memory, data retrieved in a computer readable format fromat least one data source comprises building, by said computer, aplurality of binary n-dimensional arrays, in particular a plurality oftwo-dimensional arrays, each array having a unique name and indicesformed by respective identifiers, and wherein associations betweenidentifiers are expressed by a binary value, such that presence of anassociation between identifiers of an array is expressed by a firstbinary value and absence of a relation between said identifiers of anarray is expressed by a second binary value, and in particular whereinsaid binary values are assigned by said computer to obtain sparsearrays.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein arranging, inmemory, data retrieved in a computer readable format from at least onedata source comprises building, by said computer, at least one of a listof: data subset element identifiers and corresponding data subsetelements, and action topology instance identifiers and correspondinginstance information of a data subset.
 7. The method according to claim1, wherein said instance information of a data subset comprisesdescriptive information, in particular descriptive informationpertaining to at least one data category of an action topologycombination, said instance information being structured in accordancewith a data structuring format comprised of actions, topologies, actiontopology combinations, data categories and respective uniqueidentifiers.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein data subsets ofa data source comprise at least one of: a table in a relationaldatabase; a subgraph in a graph database; a document from a documentdatabase; a set of documents from a document database; a list ofKey-Value pairs from a Key-Value Store; a result set of a queryperformed at data of a data source.
 9. The method according to claim 1,wherein an action is assigned by said computer using at least one of:pre-defined actions stored in an actions repository; an action receivedby said computer, and an action identifying algorithm.
 10. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein an action topology combination is assignedto an action by said computer by retrieving a topology from: pre-definedtopologies stored at a topologies repository; topologies received bysaid computer, and a topology identifying algorithm.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein a constructor is assigned by said computerusing at least one of: pre-defined constructors stored in a constructorsrepository; a constructor received by said computer, and a constructoridentifying algorithm.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein aconstructor topology combination is assigned to a constructor by saidcomputer by retrieving a topology from: pre-defined topologies stored ata topologies repository; topologies received by said computer, and atopology identifying algorithm.
 13. The method according to claim 1,wherein a property is represented by an action, each action comprising adata category equal to said data category of said property and an actiontopology combination comprising an ordered plurality of action topologyinstance identifiers of matched data subsets and comprising saidproperty identifier.
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein aconstructor is expressed as an instance of an action, said action beinga predefined action having a data element comprising said constructoridentifier, and an action topology referring to said data categories ofproperties of said actions corresponding to said constructor, andwherein data elements associated as data with respective topology datacategories are action topology instance identifiers of a correspondingaction of a respective property.
 15. A computer implemented and computercontrolled data processing platform, configured for arranging, inmemory, data subsets retrieved in a computer readable format from atleast one data source, said data subsets comprising a plurality of datasubset elements structured in accordance with a logical data model, forthe processing of said data subsets by an action-based logical datamodel representing data comprising a plurality of data elements, by:actions, assigned to data, each action identified by a unique actionidentifier; data categories, including a subject data category, anobject data category, a spatial data category and a temporal datacategory, each data category identified by a unique data categoryidentifier; action topology combinations, specifying associationsbetween data elements of data of an action in accordance with a topologycomprising an ordered plurality of data categories, each action topologycombination identified by a unique action topology identifier; instanceinformation, supplemented to an action topology combination, identifiedby a unique action topology instance identifier, and each data elementidentified by a unique data element identifier, said platform comprisingat least one computer and memory configured for performing the steps of:retrieving, at least one data subset of data provided by a data source,each data subset comprising a plurality of data subset elements, eachdata subset element represented by a respective data subset elementidentifier; assigning, to each data subset, at least one actionrepresented by a respective action identifier; assigning, to eachassigned action, a data category of said plurality of data categories,represented by a respective data category identifier, and at least oneaction topology combination specifying an association between datasubset elements of a respective data subset of an assigned action,represented by a respective action topology identifier; matching eachdata subset element of each data subset with a data category of arespective action topology combination assigned to a respective datasubset; supplementing, from said data source, instance information of arespective data subset to a matched action topology combination, saidsupplemented action topology combination represented by a respectiveaction topology instance identifier; assigning, to said matched actiontopology combinations supplemented by said instance information, atleast one constructor identified by a unique constructor identifier,each constructor comprising at least one property; assigning, to eachconstructor, a data category of said plurality of data categories,represented by a respective data category identifier, and at least oneconstructor topology combination, identified by a unique constructortopology identifier, said constructor topology combination specifying anordered plurality of properties of a constructor, a property operatingon said matched action topology combinations supplemented by saidinstance information, each property represented by a unique propertyidentifier, and each property comprising a data category correspondingto a respective data category of said constructor topology combination,and presenting structured relations between said data subset elements ofsaid data subsets in accordance with at least one assigned constructor.16. The computer implemented and computer controlled data processingplatform according to claim 15, wherein said structured relations arepresented by at least one of displaying said structured relations at anelectronic display, and storing said structured relations in a computerreadable form at a storage engine.
 17. A computer program product,comprising program code means stored on a non-transitory computerreadable medium, said program code means arranged to perform the methodaccording to claim 1, when said program code is executed by a computer.18. A computer program product, comprising program code means stored ona non-transitory computer readable medium, said program code meansarranged for being integrated in a computer application for jointexecution of said computer application and said program code to performthe method according to claim 1, when said program code and saidcomputer application is executed by a computer.